McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
| AV-8B Harrier II | |
|---|---|
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| An AV-8B+ Harrier II Plus on the assault ship USS Nassau | |
| Role | V/STOL ground-attack aircraft |
| Manufacturer | McDonnell Douglas / British Aerospace Boeing / BAE Systems |
| First flight | YAV-8B: 9 November 1978[1] |
| Introduced | August 1985[2] |
| Status | Active |
| Primary users | United States Marine Corps Spanish Navy Italian Navy |
| Produced | AV-8B/B+: 1981-2003[3] |
| Unit cost | US$30-35 million in 1997 (AV-8B+)[4] |
| Developed from | Hawker Siddeley Harrier BAE Sea Harrier |
| Variants | BAE Harrier II |
The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) AV-8B Harrier II is a family of second-generation vertical/short takeoff and landing or V/STOL ground-attack aircraft of the late 20th century. It is an Anglo-American development of the Hawker Siddeley Harrier and Sea Harrier. It is primarily used for light attack or multi-role tasks, typically operated from small aircraft carriers, large amphibious assault ships and during combat, forward operating bases.
Although the AV-8B Harrier II shares the designation with the earlier AV-8A/C Harrier, the AV-8B was extensively redesigned from the previous-generation Harrier GR.1A/AV-8A/C by McDonnell Douglas. British Aerospace joined the improved Harrier project in the early 1980s, and it has been managed by Boeing/BAE Systems since the 1990s.
The AV-8B is used by the United States Marine Corps. The British Harrier GR7/GR9 versions are used by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. Versions are also used by NATO countries: Spain and Italy. The Harrier models are commonly referred to as the "Harrier Jump Jet".
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Development
Advanced Harrier
Bristol tested an improved version of Pegasus engine, named Pegasus 15 during the early 1970s. The engine was more powerful and had a larger diameter. The larger diameter meant it could not readily fit in the Harrier. During this time a joint US/UK team completed a document defining an Advanced Harrier with the Pegasus 15 engine in December 1973. The Advanced Harrier was intended to replace original UK and US Harriers and US A-4s. It would also be operated by the Royal Navy from command ships. The Advanced Harrier was unofficially named "AV-16" with the purpose to double the AV-8's payload/range capability. The UK pulled out of the project in early 1975 due to decreased defense funding. The US was unwilling to fund development by itself and ended the project later that year.[5]
Harrier II
Interest remained in the US, so a less ambitious, though still expensive project was undertaken by McDonnell Douglas on their own catered to U.S. needs. Using knowledge gleaned from AV-16 development, though dropping some items such as a larger Pegasus engine, the development work continued on an improved Harrier for the U.S. Marine Corps.[6] The aircraft was centered on the Marines' need for a light ground attack aircraft with increased payload and range. The plan for Harrier II development was authorized by the Defense Department in 1976. To test the new design, two AV-8As were modified with the new composite wing, lift improvement devices, modified intakes, redesigned exhaust nozzles, and other Harrier II aspects in 1975. These modified AV-8s received the YAV-8B designation and were flight tested from 1978 until 1979.[7]
Positive results of the YAV-8B testing led to the award of a development contract in 1979.[8]
In the early 1980s, the British rejoined the program. The UK Harrier II version is based on the AV-8B but uses different avionics, and one additional missile pylon on each wing.[9]
McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace (BAe) jointly produced the aircraft. Aircraft production occurred at McDonnell Douglas' facilities in St Louis, Missouri. Manufacturing by British Aerospace (later BAE Systems), at their Kingston and Dunsfold facilities in Surrey, in the UK. By the 1990s McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing, and BAe was merged into BAE Systems who went on to manage the family into the early 21st century.
Between 1969 and 2003, 824 Harrier variants were delivered. While manufacture of new Harriers concluded in 1997, the last remanufactured aircraft (Harrier II Plus configuration) was delivered in December 2003 which ended the Harrier production line.[10]
Design
The AV-8B Harrier II is a subsonic attack aircraft.[11] It features a single Rolls-Royce Pegasus turbofan engine whose two intakes and four synchronized vectorable nozzles (two cold forward, two hot aft) are located very close to the turbine, where most fixed-wing aircraft have their engine nozzles at the back. The Harrier II also has smaller valved control nozzles in nose, tail and wingtips to provide control in low airspeed.[12] It has two landing gear on the fuselage and two outrigger landing gear on the wings. The AV-8B is equipped with six wing and three fuselage hardpoints for carrying a 25 mm GAU-12 cannon, other weapons and external fuel tanks.[13]
The first AV-8B Harrier IIs produced were commonly known as the "Day Attack" variant, and are no longer in service. Most were upgraded to Night Attack Harrier or Harrier II Plus standards, with the remainder being withdrawn from service.
The AV-8B cockpit was also used for the early trialling of Direct Voice Input (DVI) using a system developed by Smiths Aerospace.[14] The main attack avionics system is the Hughes nose-mounted AN/ASB-19.[15]
Fielded in 1991, the Night Attack Harrier incorporated a Navigation Forward Looking Infrared camera (NAVFLIR). The cockpit was also upgraded, including compatibility with night vision goggles. Concurrent with the new version of the aircraft was introduced a more powerful Rolls Royce Pegasus II engine. It was originally intended to be designated AV-8D.[16]
The Harrier II Plus is very similar to the Night Attack variant, with the addition of an APG-65 radar in an extended nose, making it capable of operating advanced beyond-visual-range missiles such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM.[17] The radars were removed from early F/A-18 Hornets, which had been upgraded with the related APG-73. The Harrier II Plus is in service with the USMC, Spanish Navy, and Italian Navy.
Operational history
The AV-8B Harrier II is used by the military forces of three nations. The United States Marine Corps has operated the AV-8B and TAV-8B since 1985. The Spanish Naval air wing (Arma Aerea De La Armada) operates the AV-8B and AV-8B+, as well as a leased TAV-8B. The Italian Navy air wing (Aviazione di Marina Militare) also uses the AV-8B+ and TAV-8B. See BAE Harrier II for British Royal Air Force and Royal Navy usage.
Variants
- YAV-8B
- Two prototypes converted in 1978 from existing AV-8A airframes (BuNo 158394, 158395).
- AV-8B Harrier II
- "Day Attack" variant; no longer in service. Most were upgraded to one of the following two variants, while the remainder were withdrawn from service. 4 full scale development (FSD) aircraft were built in 1982, followed by 162 production aircraft, built 1983-1989.
- AV-8B Harrier II Night Attack
- Fielded in 1991; incorporates a Navigation Forward Looking Infrared camera (NAVFLIR). Upgraded cockpit, including compatibility with night vision goggles. More powerful Rolls Royce Pegasus 11 engine. 1 prototype converted from AV-8B (BuNo 163853), 72 new aircraft were produced 1989 to 1993. This variant was originally designated AV-8D.
- AV-8B Harrier II Plus
- Similar to the Night Attack variant, with the addition of an APG-65 radar. It is used by the USMC, Spanish Navy, and Italian Navy. 72 were converted from existing AV-8B (receiving new BuNos), 43 were new built from 1993 to 1997.
- TAV-8B Harrier II
- Two-seat trainer version. 23 were built between 1986 and 1992.
- TAV-8B Harrier II+
- Two two-seat trainer aircraft built for Italy 1990 to 1991.
- EAV-8B Matador II
- Company designation for the Spanish Navy version. 12 were built 1987 to 1988.
- EAV-8B Matador II+
- AV-8B Harrier II+ for Spanish Navy, 11 were converted from EAV-8B, 8 were new built 1995 to 1997.
See BAE Harrier II for the UK military version.
Operators
- Italian Navy has 15 AV-8B aircraft in service as of January 2010.[18]
- Gruppo Aerei Imbarcati "The Wolves"
- Spanish Navy has 13 AV-8B+ aircraft in use as of January 2010.[18]
- 09th Squadron
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- United States Marine Corps has 99 AV-8B+ aircraft in operation as of January 2010.[18]
- VMA-211
- VMA-214
- VMA-223
- VMA-231
- VMA-311
- VMA-513
- VMA-542
- VMAT-203
- VX-31
- VX-9
Specifications (AV-8B+ Harrier II Plus)
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| Armament and vectored nozzles | |
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Underside of AV-8 Harrier II |
Data from Norden,[19] Aerospaceweb[20]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1 pilot
- Length: 46 ft 4 in (14.12 m)
- Wingspan: 30 ft 4 in (9.25 m)
- Height: 11 ft 8 in (3.55 m)
- Wing area: 243.4 ft² (22.61 m²)
- Airfoil: supercritical airfoil
- Empty weight: 13,968 lb (6,340 kg)
- Loaded weight: 22,950 lb (10,410 kg)
- Max takeoff weight:
- Rolling: 31,000 lb (14,100 kg)
- Vertical: 20,755 lb (9,415 kg)
- Powerplant: 1× Rolls-Royce F402-RR-408 (Mk 107) vectored-thrust turbofan, 23,500 lbf (105 kN)
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 0.89 (662 mph, 1,070 km/h) at sea level
- Range: 1,200 nm (1,400 mi, 2,200 km)
- Combat radius: 300 nmi (556 km)
- Ferry range: 1,800 nmi (3,300 km)
- Rate of climb: 14,700 ft/min (4,485 m/min)
- Wing loading: 94.29 lb/ft² (460.4 kg/m²)
Armament
- Guns: 1× 25 mm (0.98 in) GAU-12 Equalizer cannon mounted under-fuselage in the left pod with 300 rounds of ammunition in the right pod (American/Spanish/Italian configuration)
- Hardpoints: 6× under-wing pylon stations holding up to 13,200 lb (5,988 kg) of payload:
- Rockets:
- 4× LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19× CRV7 70 mm rockets)
- Missiles:
- Air-to-air missiles:
- 4× AIM-9 Sidewinder or similar-sized infrared-guided missiles
- 6× AIM-120 AMRAAM (mounted on radar equipped AV-8B+ variants)
- Air-to-surface missiles:
- 6× AGM-65 Maverick; or
- 2× AGM-84 Harpoon; or
- 2× AGM-88 HARM; or
- Air-to-air missiles:
- Bombs:
- CBU-100 Cluster Bombs (CBUs)
- Mark 80 series of unguided bombs (including 3 kg and 14 kg practice bombs)
- Paveway series of Laser-guided bombs (LGBs)
- Mark 77 napalm canisters
- Others:
- up to 4× 300/330/370 US Gallon drop tanks (pylon stations No. 2, 3, 4 & 5 are wet plumbed) for ferry flight/extended range/loitering time
Avionics
- Raytheon APG-65
- AN/AAQ-28V LITENING targeting pod (mounted on radar equipped AV-8B+ variants)
- Special note: An upgrade program is currently fitting airframes with wiring and software to employ 1760 bus-based smart weapons, such as Joint Direct Attack Munitions
Popular culture
The Harrier's unique characteristics have led to it being featured in a number of films and video games.
Aircraft on Display
- Carolinas Aviation Museum - 2nd oldest US-built Harrier, over 5,000 hrs of flight test time
- MCAS Cherry Point
See also
- Harrier Jump Jet, an overview of the Harrier family
- Harrier Jump Jet family losses
Related development
- BAE Harrier II
- BAE Sea Harrier
- Hawker P.1127
- Hawker Siddeley Harrier
Comparable aircraft
- Boeing X-32
- F-35 Lightning II
- Yakovlev Yak-38
- Yakovlev Yak-141
Related lists
- List of active United States military aircraft
References
- Notes
- ↑ Norden 2006, p. 49.
- ↑ Norden 2006, p. 61.
- ↑ Norden 2006, Appendix A.
- ↑ Military aircraft prices
- ↑ Jenkins 1998, pp. 69–70.
- ↑ Jenkins 1998, pp. 70–72.
- ↑ Norden 2006, pp. 42–44, 48–49.
- ↑ Norden 2006, pp. 48–49.
- ↑ Jenkins 1998, pp. 88-89.
- ↑ Harrier Projects. airforce-technology.com
- ↑ Jenkins 1998, pp. 69-74.
- ↑ How the Harrier hovers Harrier.org.uk. Retrieved: 17 April 2010.
- ↑ Spick and Gunston 2000, pp. 366–370, 387-409.
- ↑ Adams, Charlotte (14 December 1997). "Voice-recognition technology: Waiting to exhale". Federal Computer Week (1105 Media, Inc). http://www.fcw.com/print/3_57/news/65657-1.html?type=pf. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ↑ AV-8B HARRIER II
- ↑ Donald, David; Daniel J. March (2004). Modern Battlefield Warplanes. Norwalk, Connecticut: AIRtime Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 1-880588-76-5.
- ↑ Harrier II Plus (AV-8B) VSTOL Fighter and Attack Aircraft, USA. airforce-technology.com
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "World Military Aircraft Inventory". 2010 Aerospace Source Book. Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 2010.
- ↑ Norden 2006, Appendix C.
- ↑ "McDonnell Douglas/British Aerospace AV-8B Harrier II Attack Fighter". Aircraft Museum. Aerospaceweb.org. 2006-04-01. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/attack/av8/. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
- Bibliography=
- Jenkins, Dennis R. Boeing / BAe Harrier. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. ISBN 1-58007-014-0.
- Markman, Steve and Bill Holder. "MAC-DAC/BAe AV-8 Harrier Vectored Thrust VTOL". Straight Up: A History of Vertical Flight. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-7643-1204-9.
- Nordeen, Lon O. Harrier II, Validating V/STOL. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2006. ISBN 1-59114-536-8.
External links
- AV-8B Plus product page on Boeing.com
- AV-8B Harrier description and AV-8B Harrier II history page on Navy.mil
- Navy.mil - Standard Aircraft Characteristics: AV-8B Harrier II
- RTP-TV AeroSpace Show: Video of Harrier Hovering
- AV-8B Harrier finding Success in Iraq (Defense Industry Daily:March 30, 2005)
- Far From Battlefield, Marines Lose One-Third of Harrier Fleet - a Pulitzer Prize winning article
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